Suppose you wanted to design a bridge. You would study bridges. You would examine materials, loads, failure modes, and successful designs. Nobody would find that particularly strange. But suppose you wanted to design a better way of designing bridges. Now things get a little more interesting. The principles you would use to evaluate the design process are themselves products of that design process. The tools you use to examine the system were largely built by the system you a

> INITIALIZE BEACON > SCANNING FOR CURIOUS MINDS... > SIGNAL FOUND ╔════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ THE BOOK PITCH ║ ╚════════════════════════════════════════╝ This is the first chapter in an ongoing book project for advanced middle grades and young adult readers about learning to think more deliberately. A little more about the "why" behind the book can be found here. The central idea is simple: the world is full of invisible lines like

There’s a class of words that quietly derail conversations. They look the same, but they carry very different meanings depending on context. I think of them as Janus Words: two-faced terms that point in different directions depending on how they’re used. A few more that show up often. Matter In everyday conversation, we speak about the things that "matter" to us. The aspects of our lives that carry importance and significance. We are referring to the things that deserve our a

> INITIALIZE BEACON > SCANNING FOR CURIOUS MINDS... > SIGNAL FOUND ╔════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ CHAPTER THREE ║ ╚════════════════════════════════════════╝ This is the third chapter in an ongoing book project for advanced middle grades and young adult readers about learning to think more deliberately. The first chapter can be found here. The second chapter can be found here. ╭────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ curiosity •

The genesis of this book sprouted from my third deployment to Afghanistan. Between my time enlisted and as an officer, this deployment was my fifth major deployment. The main difference between the first four and this one was the nine month old little boy I held in my arms. I had never loved someone so deeply. As I looked at him I was struck with the most frightening scenario I could imagine: if I don’t come back, he will never know for certain how much he means to me. The tr

> INITIALIZE BEACON > SCANNING FOR CURIOUS MINDS... > SIGNAL FOUND ╔════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ CHAPTER TWO ║ ╚════════════════════════════════════════╝ This is the second chapter in an ongoing book project for advanced middle grades and young adult readers about learning to think more deliberately. The first chapter can be found here. The third chapter can be found here. ╭────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ curiosity •

Consider two students who were successful in school. Both earned strong grades. Both completed assignments. Both have demonstrated the ability to meet expectations consistently. By the signals the system provided, both did well. Now place them in a situation they have not been explicitly prepared for. They are each a part of a small team asked to make a plan for a situation that is still unfolding. The information is incomplete and the constraints are changing. The outcome m

A Reframe What we often call “intelligence” is not a single, general-purpose ability. It is better understood as a collection of inference systems—mechanisms that take in information, generate predictions, and update based on feedback. Each system operates in a different domain: the body in space (movement, balance, force) objects in motion (trajectories, timing) causal systems (how things work) social systems (what others think, intend, or believe) These systems are not inde

Everyone understands temperature. A child knows the difference between hot and cold long before they understand thermodynamics. Long before they know anything about molecules, energy, or physics, they can tell you whether a room feels comfortable. For most of human history, that was enough. People experienced temperature every day, but understanding what it actually was proved far more difficult. Temperature is not a property of an individual molecule. No single particle is h

A natural question follows any proposal to redesign education: how would we know if it is successful? This is not a trivial question, and it deserves a serious answer. The challenge is that the outcomes we care about—adaptability, model-building, collaboration, and the ability to learn in unfamiliar situations—are not fully captured by the measures most commonly used today. Standardized tests and isolated performance tasks can tell us something, but they do not tell us everyt

Purpose This is not a plan to implement directly. It is a way to see what becomes possible when we design a learning system aligned with how humans actually learn. It serves a similar purpose as a concept car: to explore bold design ideas, make underlying assumptions visible, and point toward what could be possible—without the constraints of immediate production. Not a blueprint, but a direction. Guiding Idea Design a system that produces adaptive learners by aligning pedagog

A Brief Vignette In the most controlled moments of schooling, the system becomes easiest to see. On standardized testing days, classrooms are stripped bare: no posters, no anchor charts, no shared references. Students sit in silence, unable to speak or collaborate. Even time is tightly regulated. The goal is consistency and control. Nothing about this is malicious. It is designed to be fair and measurable. But it reveals something important: When everything else is removed, w

Before we try to redesign education, it is worth noticing something simple. We already understand how learning works. We see it clearly in nearly every domain outside of school. Watch an infant learn to walk. There is no grading system. No standardized progression. The child falls repeatedly, receives immediate feedback, adjusts, and tries again. The process is messy, social, and iterative. No one mistakes early failure for inability. Watch a child learn to speak. They experi

If the goal of education is to produce adaptive learners, then certain conditions must be true. These are not preferences or philosophies. They are design constraints. Systems that violate them will struggle to produce learners who can navigate a changing world. 1. Protect Time for Deep Engagement Students need sustained time to think, try, reflect, and try again. When time is constantly interrupted, understanding stays shallow. Schools must deliberately create and protect bl

Why This Needs to Be Said Explicitly The term “evolution” is often used loosely—sometimes as metaphor, sometimes as philosophy. That is not how it is being used here. In this project, an evolutionary perspective is a way of understanding how systems actually change over time. It provides a set of constraints and mechanisms that help explain why certain outcomes emerge and persist. This is not about biology alone. It is about any system in which: variation occurs certain patte

Seeing the Environment Clearly Before proposing solutions, it is necessary to look directly at how the current system operates in practice. While conditions vary across schools, consistent patterns emerge. These patterns are not the result of individual failure. They are the natural outcomes of how the system is structured. The key idea is simple: Environments shape behavior. What is consistently rewarded spreads. What is consistently disrupted fades. Fragmented Attention In

The Paradox If the current system produces outcomes that are misaligned with what we want, why does it persist? Because the same forces that shape student behavior also stabilize the system itself. The structures, incentives, and narratives that produce current outcomes are also the ones that make change difficult. Systems do not resist change out of stubbornness. They resist change because they are internally consistent. Structural Inertia Public education operates at massiv

What education is Public education is a large-scale system designed to shape human minds. It organizes learning into subjects, sequences those subjects across years, and evaluates individuals based on their ability to perform on standardized tasks. At its best, it transmits hard-won knowledge and creates shared cultural foundations. At scale, it relies on structure, predictability, and measurement. This structure reflects a set of assumptions about how humans learn: knowledge

Aligning schools with how humans actually learn > INITIALIZE BEACON > SCANNING FOR CURIOUS MINDS... > SIGNAL FOUND ╔════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║ EDUCATION DESIGN ║ ╚════════════════════════════════════════╝ The following is a collection of essays I have written about education. This essay is a summary of the entire idea, but each section contains (or will contain) links to go a little deeper if curiosity is piqued. ╭────────────────────

A Rough Map of Prediction Space I was reading Andy Clark’s Surfing Uncertainty when one of those dangerous little doors opened in my head. Clark was discussing predictive processing, especially the way differences in precision weighting might help us think about conditions like schizophrenia and autism. I do not mean “explain them away,” and I definitely do not mean “reduce them to one broken knob in the brain.” I mean something more modest and more interesting: predictive pr